client state
A country that is obliged in some degree to share in the control of its external relations with some foreign power or powers. — Also termed satellite state. Cf. SOVEREIGN STATE.
A country that is obliged in some degree to share in the control of its external relations with some foreign power or powers. — Also termed satellite state. Cf. SOVEREIGN STATE.
sovereign state. 1. A state that possesses an independent existence, being complete in itself, without being merely part of a larger whole to whose government it is subject. 2. A political community whose members are bound together by the tie of common subjection to some central authority, whose commands those members must obey. — Also
Annotated Editions of the United States Code 美国法典注释版 《美国法典》〔U.S.C.〕是由官方出版机构出版和发行的,其出版通常较慢,尤其在发行补编的情况下,往往要到国会会期结束若干个月以后才能得到;而且,立法机关通过的法律其含义并不总是很清楚,法律所使用的文字也必须经常得到法院的解释。因此,经常获得对制定法作出解释的法院判决变得同获得制定法文本同样重要,由此导致了法典注释的出版。官方版《美国法典》的注释,是由私人出版机构来完成的。最着名的法典注释有两套:一套是《美国法典注释》〔United States Code Annotated/U.S.C.A.〕,由韦氏出版公司〔West Publishing Company〕出版。除了相关的判例注释外,法典每节〔code section〕下边的注释还与韦氏公司的其他出版物相互参考,并经常注明附加判例的主题〔topic〕及其钥匙号〔key numbers〕。此外,每年都出版平装本的多卷本索引,且每一标题都有自己的索引。另一套是《美国法典服务》〔United States Code Service/U.S.C.S.〕,由律师合作出版公司和班克罗夫特-惠特尼公司出版,为其总客户服务图书馆〔Total Client-Service Library〕的一个单元〔unit〕。它包括一个多卷本的索引和一个两卷本的《美国法典指南》〔United States Code Guide〕,《指南》按照《美国法典》的引文〔citation〕排列,并标明法典每节下边的哪些事项在总客户服务图书馆的其他单元中讨论。此外,还有未编号的四卷本收录了联邦行政机关的程序规则,第四卷则收录了《世界版权公约》〔Universal Copyright Convention〕、《执行外国仲裁裁决公约》〔Convention on Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards〕和《华沙公约》〔Warsaw Convention〕的文本。两套法典注释都包含了《美国法典》的原文,以及曾引用法典或对法典进行解释的判决摘要。它们都通过发行年度插袋式补编、每月出版一次小册子,或在必要时发行替代卷本,使注释得到及时更新。U.S.C.A.的注释内容比U.S.C.S.要多,U.S.C.S.经常交叉参考《美国判例汇编(联邦)》〔A.L.R.Fed.〕或《美国最高法院判例集律师版》〔Lawyers’ Edition of the United States Reports〕中的注释,而替代自己提供注释。较之U.S.C.,两套注释使用方便,更为通用和便于检索。由于U.S.C.中只有部分标题经国会重新制定为法律,而U.S.C.A.即使用U.S.C.中的法律文本,U.S.C.S.则使用《制定法大全》〔Statutes at Large〕中的文本,因此,在使用U.S.C.A.时,对那些仍未经国会重新制定为法律的标题,在必要时应与《制定法大全》中的文本相对照。
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A fund established usu. by a state or a state bar association to compensate persons for losses that they suffered because of their attorneys’ misappropriation of funds or other misconduct. [Cases: Attorney and Client 129.5. C.J.S. Attorney and Client § 279.]
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economic-loss rule. Torts. The principle that a plaintiff cannot sue in tort to recover for purely monetary loss — as opposed to physical injury or property damage — caused by the defendant. • Many states recognize an exception to this rule when the defendant commits fraud or negligent misrepresentation, or when a special relationship exists
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Model Code of Professional Responsibility. A set of ethical guidelines for lawyers, organized in the form of canons, disciplinary rules, and ethical considerations. • Published by the ABA in 1969, this code has been replaced in most states by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. [Cases: Attorney and Client 32(2). C.J.S. Attorney and Client §
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bar association. An organization of members of the legal profession (several state bar associations sponsor superb CLE programs). See BAR(2). [Cases: Attorney and Client 31. C.J.S. Attorney and Client §§ 8–9.] local bar association. A bar association organized on a local level, such as an association within a county or city. • Local bar associations
fee-splitting. 1. The division of attorney’s fees between two or more lawyers, esp. between the lawyer who handled a matter and the lawyer who referred the matter. • Some states consider this practice unethical. 2. The division of attorney’s fees between two or more lawyers who represent a client jointly but are not in the
house of delegates. 1. (often cap.) The convention of many learned or professional associations, including the American Bar Association (the ABA House of Delegates). — Often shortened to House. — Also termed house of representatives. See CONVENTION(4). [Cases: Attorney and Client 31. C.J.S. Attorney and Client §§ 8–9.] 2. (cap.) The lower chamber of the
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crime-fraud exception. The doctrine that neither the attorney–client privilege nor the attorney-work-product privilege protects attorney–client communications that are in furtherance of a current or planned crime or fraud. Clark v. United States, 289 U.S. 1, 53 S.Ct. 465 (1933); In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum, 731 F.2d 1032 (2d Cir. 1984). [Cases: Federal Civil
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